CERN Accelerating science

A review of cosmology with special emphasis on the theory of structure formation. It will be explained how, from basic physical principles and few cosmological parameters, one can obtain simulations of the luminous matter distribution in the Universe, which are then confronted with observations.

A simple introduction to the fundamental concepts of string theory aimed at non-specialists, especially experimentalists. The lectures will also include recent developments in brane theory, explaining the connection with theories with large extra dimensions.

We propose a review of the recent progress in lattice gauge theory simulations, including applications to the areas of meson/glueball spectroscopy, study of phase transitions (QCD and EWK transitions at high temperature and in the early universe), etc.

Symmetries and symmetry breaking, in particular spontaneously, are of fundamental importance, not only for high energy physics but in many other fields of physics. It occurs e.g. in ferromagnetism BCS superconductors, superfluid Helium-4, anisotropic superfluid Helium-3 and possibly other states of matter. A simple introduction to the basic concepts, emphasizing simularities and differences will be presented.

A review of the physics principles underlying heavy ion collisions, as well as of the theoretical tools available today to describe them, will be presented. The aims of the high-energy heavy ion programme at RHIC and LHC will be discussed and their impact on the understanding of the high-temperature and high-density states of matter will be illustrated.

The last few decades have seen a rapid advance in our observations and understanding of stellar evolution and most recently in the pre-stellar phase. The recent observations of extra-solar planets also give new insight into the processes in stellar accretion. These recent advances will be discussed, along with the detectors that make them possible, and a survey of the prospects over the next few years will be given.

After a review of Grand Unified Theories, there will be a discussion of the present theoretical open problems and future experimental tests on some of the GUT predictions. Experimental consequences such as the proton stability will be discussed.

Statistical analyses are part of every days life of a physicist confronted with data. These lectures will review the statistical methods and pitfalls, illustrated with practical examples.

Recent progress in the formulation of fundamental theories for a Universe with more than 4 dimensions will be reviewed. Particular emphasis will be given to theories predicting the existence of extra dimensions at distance scales within the reach of current or forthcoming experiments. The phenomenological implications of these theories, ranging from detectable deviations from Newton's law at sub-millimeter scales, to phenomena of cosmological and astrophysical interest, as well as to high-energy laboratory experiments, will be discussed.

A review of the crucial role that neutrinos play in astrophysics and cosmology (stellar evolution, expansion of the Universe, nucleosynthesis). The information from the neutrinos in the sky is then compared with present and future terrestrial neutrino experiments.

COBE, BOOMERANG, MAXIMA are revolutionizing cosmology with precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background. MAP and PLANCK will allow measurements of the fundamental cosmological parameters with unprecedented precision. What are we learning from these data?

These lectures will review the study of neutron physics and neutron induced reaction cross sections for Stellar Nucleosynthesis, Energy Technologies and Dosimetry. It includes a presentation of the CERN nTOF facility and its latest results.

Techniques for the accurate determination of the fundamental constants of nature (G(Newton), alpha(em), G(Fermi), alpha(s), muon and electron mass, etc), as well as of other derived quantities (e.g. muon g-2) will be discussed. Current status and strategies for improvements will be presented.

Anti-matter physics is a key element of the present CERN program. The first results of the 3 experiments (ATHENA, ATRAP and ASACUSA) at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) are becoming available and teach us in detail how anti-matter, such as anti-hydrogen, compares to every day matter. Latest results and challenges to create anti-matter atoms in a 'matter' world will be discussed.

We propose a review of the rapidly evolving field of Monte Carlo event generators for high-energy hadronic collisions. A summary of the theoretical ingredients for such calculations, of the existing limitations and of the work taking place to improve these tools will be given.

New gravitational wave experiments (LIGO, VIRGO, LISA) are being planned and constructed, based on interferometry, both on earth and in space. Cryogenic resonant bar detectors, such as Nautilus and Explorer, have been taking data for some years. In these lectures a review of gravitational waves in theory, and gravitational wave experimentation in the past, present and future will be given.

The trigger challenge for the experiments at the LHC (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCB) is huge. The designs of the trigger in the experiments enter their decisive phase within the coming year. An introduction will be given on the challenges, followed by a discussion on the planned solutions.

GEANT4 is conceived as a toolbox for detector simulation. Many HEP experiments are in the process of developing their simulation package based on GEANT4, but also outside HEP (astrophysics, biology) there are increasingly more applications based on GEANT4. A pedestrian introduction to the toolbox will be given on how to use it, illustrated with some recent practicle examples.

General position monitoring via satellites is becoming an increasingly important topic in science and every day life. Modern developments of GPS systems will be detailed and discussed.

Cosmic rays are still enigmatic with several intriguing unanswered questions. These questions will be addressed with forthcoming new experiments, such as the Auger Project. An overview of the experimental techniques in present and future cosmic ray detection will be presented.

What will an experimentalists life look like at the LHC? In these lectures we discuss possible run scenarios at the LHC, background problems, effects of beam loss, and implications of the machine on small angle physics. Also Luminosity measurements and uncertainties will be discussed.

The new generation of microwave tubes for high power RF sources are continuing to make progress in their performance through R&D and the challenge of new applications. Future medical, industrial and telecommunication projects, as well as particle accelerators, lean heavily on increased output power and operating frequency capabilities together with high efficiency, a useful bandwidth, lower cost and high reliability, to be an economic success.

The next generation of accelerators will have to deal with (master) high power beams. Conceptual and engineering challenges of collimating systems, beam dumps, primary and conversion targets will be addressed.
Today's beam obstacles cope with beams in the kW range. Those of future neutrino factories, spallation sources and compact linear colliders will be exposed to beam energies in the MW range, and will require handling the risks of high energy densities, acoustic vibrations and liquid metals.

Electron-Positron Linear Colliders are natural successors to LEP at higher energies and offer a possible complement to the LHC. These future facilities are intended to reach centre of mass energies ranging from 200 GeV to 5 TeV and luminosities in the range of 10³⁴ to 10³⁵cm^-2s^-1, in order to address the burning questions in particle physics of mass, flavour and unification.
Major R&D is being done to deal with the main technical challenges of such colliders. It covers in particular the realization of acceleration gradients as large as possible, the generation and preservation of small emittances, the stabilization of the component vibrations, the control of the collisions of narrow beams (a few nm) and the efficiency of power transfer from mains to beams which carry several Mega-Watts. Various developments have been pursued according to the techniques retained. Their present status and the plans towards the TESLA, NLC, JLC and CLIC projects will be presented.

Methods of magnetic measurements in beam guidance and in spectrometer magnets. Type and characteristics of devices and related mechanical and electronic equipment. Magnetic field positioning and alignment.

Present day colliders with long beam lifetime require extremely low pressures. Materials, methods and measurement of high vacuum. Pumping systems. Cold vacuum. Beam induced out-gassing

Linac-Booster-PS-SPS will all be used for LHC injection. The lectures will review the features of these faithful machines and underline the modifications required for the LHC era.

Genetic Algorithms (GA) are a method of "breeding" computer programs and solutions to optimization or search problems by means of simulated evolution. Processes loosely based on natural selection, crossover, and mutation are repeatedly applied to a population of binary strings which represent potential solutions. Over time, the number of above average individuals increases, and better fit individuals are created, until a good solution to the problem at hand is found.
GA are especially adequate for searches in large state space, multi-modal state space, or n-dimensional surface, where they may offer significant benefits over more typical search or optimization techniques.
GA have been used in adaptive systems design, adaptive control, finite automata They also play an important role in parameter specification for neural networks.

For many years the dominant database technology has been the relational model, as implemented in products such as Oracle (deployed at CERN for nearly 20 years), Microsoft Access and Open Source packages such as PostgreSQL and MySQL.
More recently, systems referred to as Object Databases, e.g. Objectivity/DB, also deployed at CERN, or Object-Relational systems, have challenged the dominance of pure Relational systems.
Given this wide spectrum of systems, from Open Source to commercial, from pure Relational, through Object-Relational to pure Object, how does one chose the most appropriate technology for the task at hand?
Database technology includes data mining; the discovery of hidden facts contained in databases. The techniques such as statistical analysis, modelling techniques to finds patterns and subtle relationships in data and infers rules that allow the prediction of future results will be covered.
The proposed lectures will start with a brief overview / definition of the various technologies followed by some guidelines for choosing the most appropriate system for a number of tasks. Finally, the evolution of mainstream database management systems over the past few years will be given, together with predictions for the future.

These series address the technical aspects of the technology involved in Internet Security, and how the different problems are solved. More specifically:

• Web Surfing: What security risks am I exposed to when I surf on the Internet? Are my files safe? Can my private information be exposed? Can I trust information on the Internet?
• Copying files: Is it safe to copy software from the Internet and is it legal? What are "plug-ins" and what can happen when I click "yes" to install them?
• E-commerce: Is it safe to use my credit card on the Internet? What are the risks and what precautions can I take?
• Viruses: What is a virus? What should I do when I receive a virus warning? How do I know if my computer is infected? How do I know if it is safe to open an attachment? Why do I need to run anti-virus software and what does it do?
• SPAM e-mail: What is SPAM? Why do I receive so many unwanted e-mails? What can be done to prevent them?
• Passwords: How are passwords discovered and how can I best protect mine?
• Security Rules: What are CERN's security rules? What are my obligations and how can I be sure I am following them? Where can I get more information?
• Security risks: What types of incidents are common on the Internet and specifically at CERN?
• Technology Jargon: What is a firewall, intrusion detection ... ?

The web has changed our learning and work habits. Distance audiences participate in seminars and collaborations from their own countries. They communicate over the network using distribution techniques such as multicast, interactive videoconferencing, webcast, video-on-demand, learning object databases, communities of experts and mailing lists.
The lectures will be given using the state of the art technology described above.

Grid computing technologies enable controlled resource sharing in distributed communities and the co-ordinated use of those shared resources as community members tackle common goals. These technologies include new protocols, services, and APIs for secure resource access, resource management, fault detection, communication, and so forth, that in term enable new application concepts such as virtual data, smart instruments, collaborative design spaces, and metacomputations.
In these series we review applications that are motivating widespread interest in Grid concepts within the scientific and engineering communities. Then, we describe the architecture that has been adopted by a number of projects (both in Europe and USA), focusing in particular on our security, resource management, and data management technologies.

The LHC detectors have an unprecedented precision and granularity. One physics event needs a few Megabytes of storage. Experiments expect to store 10⁹ events per year and about half this amount for simulation purposes.
The lectures give an in-depth view of the challenges to be met for running a few thousand CPU's in parallel per LHC-experiment, to store a few dozen Petabytes of data in an effectively structured way and to render CPU power and data volumes well accessible for physicists.

To achieve its objectives efficiently, any scientific endeavour should be a mixture of both creativity and rigour. In particular, for experiments which become more and more complex, and which involve important collaborations, a minimum of quality assurance becomes a prerequisite for the success of the project!
In this context, modern project management techniques are important tools that can be used to get the best results, on time and on budget.
This academic seminar intends to present a practical set of modern project management tools, for organizing, structuring, estimating & costing, planning and scheduling, and assessing the risks of projects in general, but most specially of projects carried out in the fields of information systems, of high technology, and of scientific research.

Precise computation of stresses by Finite Element Methods and the application of high strength structural alloys in modern structures resulted in weight saving and in reduction of safety factors. Fracture mechanics aims to limit operation stresses through design and to guarantee the expected service life of a structure containing flaws.

A review of surface engineering techniques (as treatments of the surface and near surface regions to perform functions that are distinct from the bulk material functions), coating techniques and thin films analysis and characterization, with focus on HEP applications

The lectures will give an introduction to real-time computing. The main architectures and constraints of real-time computing environments are laid out. Fast pattern recognition, complex event storage preceded by extensive simulation complement today's process control. Some comments on hybrid computing show the real-time processing power. Links with data bases, external networks and other non-real-time applications are covered.
An example of a large process control system, preferentially accelerator control, is presented in detail. The lecture will terminate by giving a review on actual trends of modern real-time process control.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a computer based method for simulating or analysing the behaviour of engineering structures or components. By being able to predict the performance of a proposed design (mechanical, thermal, magnetic and electrical), FEA can assist in the development of research apparatus for high energy physics, providing engineering information for a more efficient and safer design, which cannot be obtained by traditional means.

The following items shall be addressed within this lecture series:

1. Introduction to probability (random variables, probability, distribution functions, statistical tests, confidence levels etc.)
2. Reliability analysis: reliability levels, sensitivity factors, criticality analysis etc.
3. Probability of failure - approximations, methods of integration
4. Simulation methods (generator of random numbers, Monte Carlo - direct or indirect)
5. Reliability of systems: combination of failure modes, approximations
6. Definition of the safety factors in terms of reliability
7. Reliability software and finite element stochastic simulations
8. Reliability as a function of time (cumulative probability)
9. Applications (with the special pointer towards the LHC)

A basic course in circular accelerators, introducing beam optics, longitudinal dynamics, resonances and instabilities.

Modern survey techniques, principles and instrumentation. Reference targets for machine and detector elements. Tracking of Ground and support motion. The issue of very long neutrino beam lines

FEL offer a further increase in brilliance with the advantages of Synchrotron Radiation sources and the coherence of the emitted radiation.

Modern medicine is a large consumer of physics technologies. The series should address subjects like medical imaging by ultrasonic, hyperfine techniques, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and give as well a historic overview, a survey of recently introduced techniques like IMR, as techniques in the pipeline like pixel detectors.

The lecture series held in spring 2000 provided an overview of the energy problem related to demography, risk evaluation, waste and cost and discussed alternative energy sources like the energy amplifier, americium and wind energy.
The new lecture series should complement by addressing solar energy, ocean stream energy, energy storage and classical fossil energy, its risks and the possibility of its replacement.

In 1968 Stanley Kubrick directed "2001: A Space Odyssey", a film about space exploration, extra terrestrials and the evolution of intelligence. It featured the robot HAL, who had near human capabilities.

Come 2001, it is thus interesting to reflect upon the fact

• why HAL's capabilities have not been realized (by far) in areas such as artificial intelligence, computer vision, computer lip-reading, speech recognition, reasoning, chess, reliability, computer emotion and interface design, and
• whether and when these capabilities might be realized.

Decoding the Human genome is a very up-to-date topic, raising several questions besides purely scientific, in view of the two competing teams (public and private), the ethics of using the results, and the fact that the project went apparently faster and easier than expected. The lecture series will address the following chapters

1. Scientific basis and challenges
2. Methods and techniques
3. Project organization and management
4. Ethics

Many voices have warned against the possible effects on the earth environment due to the combustion engines. Further, a heavy death toll is being paid every year due to transport accidents. Will roads continue to provide the main part of the transport needs?
Will future transport systems be safer and less energy hungry?